Natural Sciences > Brain & Cognitive Sciences > Developmental Neurobiology

Developmental Neurobiology posted by duggu on 12/11/2007

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Abstract/Syllabus

Courseware/Lectures

Test/Tutorials

Course Highlights

This course features an extensive reading list and examples of student presentations on assigned readings.

Course Description

This course considers molecular control of neural specification, formation of neuronal connections, construction of neural systems, and the contributions of experience to shaping brain structure and function. Topics include: neural induction and pattern formation, cell lineage and fate determination, neuronal migration, axon guidance, synapse formation and stabilization, activity-dependent development and critical periods, development of behavior.

Syllabus

Prerequisites

9.01, 7.012 / 7.013 / 7.014

Course Format

50 minute lecture
10 minute break
20 minute presentation of research article (Topic 1) by student
10 minute discussion
20 minute presentation of research article (Topic 2) by student
10 minute discussion

Each student will be expected to present 2 topics during the semester. All students should e- mail their top four topic choices by order of preference before lecture 1 to the instructor. These will be taken into consideration before topics are assigned.

All students are expected to read in advance at least the background reviews. You are required to discuss your topic with the instructor at least a week prior to presentation.

Grading

Final exam for undergraduates will include material from all reading lists, except additional reading list. Final exam for graduate students will include material from all reading lists.

Each student will be expected to present 2 topics during the semester.

Each presentation will constitute 25% of final grade (50% total). Graduate students are expected to contribute to discussion with material from additional reading list.

Calendar

Calendar Table
LEC #	TOPICS
1	Introduction
2	Neural Induction
3	Establishing the CNS Anterior/Posterior Axis
4	Hox Genes and Segmental Organization of the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord
5	The Spinal Cord Dorsal/Ventral Axis
6	Regionalization of the Embryonic Midbrain and Forebrain
7	Lineage Studies
8	Neural Crest
9	Progression from Extrinsic to Intrinsic Signals of Cell Fate
10	Neuronal Migration 1: Radial vs Tangential Movement Prof. Carlos Lois, MIT
11	Asymmetric Cell Divisions
12	Stem Cells
13	Axon Guidance 1: Cues, Receptors and Downstream Signalling Prof. Paul Garrity, MIT
14	Axon Guidance 2: Cues, Receptors and Downstream Signalling Prof. Paul Garrity, MIT
15	Cell Death
16	Growth Factors
17	Map Formation 1: The Retinotectal System - Chemical and Molecular Gradients
18	Neuronal Migration 2: Long Distance Travel Prof. Carlos Lois, MIT
19	Map Formation 2: The Olfactory System - Representing Smells in the Brain
20	Activity Dependent Development 1: The Visual System
21	Cortical Regionalization: Specification of Functional Domains Maria Donohgue, Yale University
22	Activity Dependent Development 2: Plasticity Genes
23	Synapse Formation 1: NMJ
24	Synapse Formation 2: Central Synapses
25	Review

Readings

All students are expected to read at least the assigned background reviews before class. The Topic 1 and Topic 2 papers will be assigned to students for review and presentation.

Readings
LEC #	TOPICS	Readings
1	Introduction
2	Neural Induction	Reviews Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., and D. Melton. "Vertebrate Embryonic Cells will Become Nerve Cells Unless Told Otherwise." Cell 88 (1997): 13-17. Streit, A., and C. D. Stern. "Neural induction, a bird’s eye view." Trends in Genetics 15 (1999): 20-24. Topic 1 Wilson, P. A., and A. Hemmati-Brivanlou. "Induction of epidermis and Inhibition of Neural Fate by Bmp- 4." Nature 376 (1995): 331-333. Topic 2 Zimmerman, L. B., J. M. De Jesus-Escobar, and R. M. Harland. "The Spemann Organizer Signal Noggin Binds and Inactivates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4." Cell 86 (1996): 599-606. Additional Readings Streit, A., A. J. Berliner, C. Papanayotou, A. Sirulnik, and C. D. Stern. "Initiation of Neural Induction by FGF Signalling Before Gastrulation." Nature 406 (2000): 74-78. Wilson, S. I., A. Rydstrom, T. Trimborn, K. Willert, R. Nusse, T. M. Jessell, and T. Edlund. "The Status of Wnt Signalling Regulates Neural and Epidermal Fates in The Chick Embryo." Nature 411 (2001): 325-330.
3	Establising the CNS Anterior/Posterior Axis	Reviews Meinhardt, H. "Organizer and Axes Formation as a Self - Organizing Process." Int J Dev Biol 45 (2001): 177-188. Topic 1 Piccolo, S., E. Agius, L. Leyns, S. Bhattacharyya, H. Grunz, T. Bouwmeester, and E. M. De Robertis. "The Head Inducer Cerberus is a Multifunctional Antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals." Nature 397 (1999): 707-710. Topic 2 Agathon, A., C. Thisse, and B. Thisse. "The Molecular Nature of the Zebrafish Tail Organizer." Nature 424 (2003): 448-452. Additional Readings Ninomiya, H., R. P. Elinson, and R. Winklbauer. "Antero-Posterior Tissue Polarity Links Mesoderm Convergent Extension to Axial Patterning." Nature 430 (2004): 364-367. Dubrulle, J., and O. Pourquie. "fgf8 mRNA Decay Establishes a Gradient That Couples Axial Elongation to Patterning in the Vertebrate Embryo." Nature 427 (2004): 419-422.
4	Hox Genes and Segmental Organization of the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord	Reviews Vasiliauskas, D., and C. D. Stern. "Patterning the Embryonic Axis: FGF Signaling and How Vertebrate Embryos Measure Time." Cell 106 (2001): 133-36. Tabin, C. J., and R. L. Johnson. "Clocks and Hox." Nature 412 (2001): 780-781. Kmita, M., and D. Duboule. "Organizing Axes in Time and Space; 25 Years of Colinear Tinkering." Science 301 (2003): 331-333. Topic 1 Bell, E., R. J. T. Wingate, and A. Lumsden. "Homeotic Transformation of Rhombomere Identity After Localized Hoxb1 Misexpression." Nature 284 (1999): 2168-2171. Topic 2 Dubrulle, J., M. J. McGrew, and O. Pourquie. "FGF Signaling Controls Somite Boundary Position and Regulates Segmentation Clock Control of Spatiotemporal Hox Gene Activation." Cell 106 (2001): 219-232. Additional Readings Dale, J. K., M. Maroto, M. L. Dequeant, P. Malapert, M. McGrew, and O. Pourquie. "Periodic Notch Inhibition by Lunatic Fringe Underlies the Chick Segmentation Clock." Nature 421 (2003): 275-278.
5	The Spinal Cord Dorsal /Ventral Axis	Reviews Dodd, J., T. M. Jessell, and M. Placzek. "The When and Where of Floor Plate Induction." Science 282 (1998): 1654-57. Chizhikov, V. V., and K. J. Millen. "Mechanisms of Roof Plate Formation in the Vertebrate CNS." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (2004): 808-812. Harris, W. A. "Specifying Motor Neurons: Up and Down and Back to Front." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1247-1249. Topic 1 Simon, H., A. Hornbruch, and A. Lumsden. "Independent Assignment of Antero - Posterior and Dorso - Ventral Positional Values in the Developing Chick Hindbrain." Current Biology 5 (1995): 205-214. Topic 2 Roelink, H., J. A. Porter, C. Chiang, Y. Tanabe, D. T. Chang, P. A. Beachy, and T. M. Jessell. "Floor Plate and Motor Neuron Induction by Different Concentrations of the Amino- Terminal Cleavage Product of Sonic Hedgehog Autoproteolysis." Cell 81 (1995): 445-455. Additional Readings Dasen, J. S., J. Liu, and T. M. Jessell. "Motor Neuron Columnar Fate Imposed by Sequential Phases of Hox- c Activity." Nature 425 (2003): 926-933.
6	Regionalization of the Embryonic Midbrain and Forebrain	Reviews Finnerty, J. R. "Head Start." Nature 408 (2000): 778-781. Rubenstein, J. L. R., and P. A. Beachy. "Patterning of the Embryonic Forebrain." Curr Opin Neurobiol 8 (1998): 18-26. Wurst, W., and L. Bally-Cuif. "Neural Plate Patterning: Upstream and Downstream of The Isthmic Organizer." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 99-101. Topic 1 Houart, C., L. Caneparo, C. Heisenberg, K. A. Barth, M. Take-Uchi, and S. W. Wilson. "Establishment of The Telencephalon During Gastrulation by Local Antagonism of Wnt Signaling." Neuron 35 (2002): 255-265. Topic 2 Agarwala, S., T. A. Sanders, and C. W. Ragsdale. "Sonic Hedgehog Control of Size and Shape in Midbrain Pattern Formation." Science 291(2001): 2147-50. Additional Readings Figdor, M. C., and C. D. Stern. "Segmental Organization of Embryonic Diencephalon." Nature 363 (1993): 630-634. Ye, W., M. Bouchard, D. Stone, X. Liu, F. Vella, J. Lee, H. Nakamura, S. Ang, M. Busslinger, and A. Rosenthal. "Distinct Regulators Control The Expression of The Mid- Hindbrain Organizer Signal fgf8." Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001): 1175-1181.
7	Lineage Studies	Reviews Cepko, C. L., E. Ryder, C. Austin, J. Golden, Fields-Berry and J. Lin. "Lineage Analysis Using Retroviral Vectors." Methods 14 (1998): 393- 406. Dymecki, S. M., C. I. Rodriguez, and R. B. Awatramani. "Switching on Lineage Tracers Using Site- Specific Recombination." Methods Mol Biol 185 (2002): 309-334. Topic 1 Walsh, C., and C. L. Cepko. "Widespread Dispersion of Neuronal Clones Across Functional Regions of The Cerebral Cortex." Science 255 (1992): 434-440. Topic 2 Rodriquez C. I., and S. M. Dymecki. "Origin of the Precerebellar System." Neuron 27 (2000): 475-86. Additional Readings Lin J. C., and C. L. Cepko. "Biphasic Dispersion of Clones Containing Purkinje Cells and Glia in The Developing Chick Cerebellum." Dev Biol 211 (1999): 177-197.
8	Neural Crest	Reviews Zigmond, M. Fundamental Neuroscience. 2nd ed. pp. 391-402. Knecht, A. K., and M. Bronner-Fraser. "Induction of the Neural Crest: A Multigene Process." Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (2002): 453-461. Trainor, P., and R. Krumlauf. "Riding The Crest of The Wnt Signaling Wave." Science 297 (2002): 781-783. Mosher, J. T., and S. J. Morrison. "Crossing the Boundaries of Sensory Neurogenesis." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 900-902. Topic 1 Kulesa, P., M. Bronner - Fraser, and S. Fraser. "In Ovo Time- Lapse Analysis After Dorsal Neural Tube Ablation Shows Rerouting of Chick Hindbrain Neural Crest." Development 127 (2002): 2843-2852. Topic 2 Garcia-Castro, M. I., C. Marcelle, and M. Bronner-Fraser. "Ectodermal Wnt Function as a Neural Crest Inducer." Science 297 (2002): 848-851. Additional Readings Maro, G. S., M. Vermeren, O. Voiculescu, L. Melton, J. Cohen, P. Charnay, and P. Topilko. "Neural Crest Boundary Cap Cells Constitute a Source of Neuronal and Glial Cells of The PNS." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 930-938.
9	Progression from Extrinsic to Intrinsic Signals of Cell Fate	Reviews Livesey, F. J., and C. L. Cepko. "Vertebrate Neural Cell- Fate Determination: Lessons From the Retina." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 109-118. Kay, J. N., and H. Baier. "Out - Foxing Fate: Molecular Switches Create Neuronal Diversity in The Retina." Neuron 43 (2004): 759-764. Anderson, S. "Tlx Genes Make an Exciting Choice." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 421-422. Topic 1 Belliveau, M. J., and C. L. Cepko. "Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Control the Genesis of Amacrine and Cone Cells in the Rat Retina." Development 126 (1999): 555-566. Topic 2 Cheng, L., A. Arata, R. Mizuguchi, Y. Qian, A. Karunaratne, P. A. Gray, S. Arata, S. Shirasawa, M. Bouchard, P. Luo, C. Chen, M. Busslinger, M. Goulding, H. Onimaru, and Q. Ma. "Tlx3 and Tlx1 are Post - mitotic Selector Genes Determining Glutamatergic Over GABAergic Cell Fates." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 510-517. Additional Readings Li, S., Z. Mo, X. Yang, S. M. Price, M. M. Shen, and M. Xiang. "Foxn4 Controls the Genesis of Amacrine and Horizontal Cells by Retinal Progenitors." Neuron 43 (2004): 795-807. Hanashima, C., S. C. Li, L. Shen, E. Lai, and G. Fishell. "Foxg1 Suppresses Early Cortical Cell Fate." Science 303 (2004): 56-59.
10	Neuronal Migration 1: Radial vs. Tangential Movement	Reviews Rakic, P. "Developmental and Evolutionary Adaptations of Cortical Radial Glia." Cerebral Cortex 13 (2003): 541-549. Kriegstein, A. R., and S. C. Noctor. "Patterns of Neuronal Migration in The Embryonic Cortex." Trends in Neurosciences 27 (2004): 392-399. Topic 1 Tan, S., M. Kalloniatis, K. Sturm, P. P. L. Tam, B. E. Reese, and B. Faulkner -Jones. "Separate Progenitors for Radial and Tangential Cell Dispersion During Development of The Cerebral Neocortex." Neuron 21 (1998): 295-304. Topic 2 Gupta, A., K. Sanada, D. T. Miyamoto, S. Rovelstad, B. Nadarajah, A. L. Pearlman, J. Brunstrom, and L. Tsai. "Layering Defect in p35 Deficiency is Linked to Improper Neuronal - Glial Interaction In Radial Migration." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1284-1291. Additional Readings Bai, J., R. L. Ramos, J. B. Ackman, A. M. Thomas, R. V. Lee, and J. J. Lo Turco. "RNAi Reveals Doublecortin is Required for Radial Migration in Rat Neocortex." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1277-1283. Nadarajah, B., P. Alifragis, R. L. L. Wong, and J. G. Parnavelas. "Ventricle- Directed Migration in The Developing Cerebral Cortex." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 218-224.
11	Asymmetric Cell Division	Reviews Cayouette, M. M., and Raff. "Asymmetric Segregation of Numb: A Mechanism for Neural Specification from Drosophila to Mammals." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1265-1269. Zhong, W. "Diversifying Neural Cells Through Order of Birth and Asymmetry of Division." Neuron 37 (2003): 11-14. Topic 1 Noctor, S. C., V. Martinez - Cerdeno, L. Ivic, and A. R. Kriegstein. "Cortical Neurons Arise in Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Zones and Migrate Through Specific Phases." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 136-144. Topic 2 Shen, Q., W. Zhong, Y. N. Jan, and S. Temple. "Asymmetric Numb Distribution is Critical for Asymmetric Cell Division of Mouse Cerebral Cortical Stem Cells and Neuroblasts." Development 129 (2002): 4843-4853. Additional Readings Petersen, P. H., K. Zou, S. Krauss, and W. Zhong. "Continuing Role for Mouse Numb and Numbl in Maintaining Progenitor Cells During Cortical Neurogenesis." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 803-811. Lambert, J. D., and L. M. Nagy. "Asymmetric Inheritance of Centrosomally Localized mRNAs During Embryonic Cleavages." Nature 12 (2002): 682-686.
12	Stem Cells	Reviews Anderson, D. J. "Stem Cells and Pattern Formation in The Nervous System: The Possible Versus The Actual." Neuron 30 (2001): 19-35. Doetsch, F. "The Glial Identity of Neural Stem Cells." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1127-1134. Topic 1 Lim, D. A., A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Trevejo, D. G. Herreara, J. M. Garcia- Verdugo, and A. Alvarez - Buylla. "A. Noggin Antagonizes BMP Signaling to Create a Niche From Adult Neurogenesis." Neuron 28 (2000): 713-726. Topic 2 Wu, P., Y. I. Tarasenko, Y. Gu, L. Y. Huang, R. E. Coggeshall, and Y. Yu. "Region- Specific Generation of Cholinergic Neurons from Fetal Human Neural Stem Cells Grafted in Adult Rat." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1271-1278. Additional Readings Shen, Q., S. K. Goderie, L. Jin, N. Karanth, Y. Sun, N. Abramova, P. Vincent, K. Pumiglia, and S. Temple. "Endothelial Cells Stimulate Self -Renewal and Expand Neurogenesis of Neural Stem Cells." Science 304 (2004): 1338-1340. Ramalho-Santos, M., S. Yoon, Y. Matsuzaki, R. C. Mulligan, and D. A. Melton. "'Stemness': Transcriptional Profiling of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells." Science 298 (2002): 597-600.
13	Axon Guidance 1	Reviews Dickson, B. J. "Molecular Mechanisms of Axon Guidance." Science 298 (2002): 1959-1964. Topic 1 Kantor, D. B., O. Chivatakarn, K. L. Peer, S. F. Oster, M. Inatani, M. J. Hansen, J. G. Flanagan, Y. Yamaguchi, D. W. Sretavan, R. J. Giger, and A. L. Kolodkin. "Semaphorin 5A is a Bifunctional Axon Guidance Cue Regulated by Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans." Neuron 44 (2004): 961-975. Topic 2 Piper, M., S. Salih, C. Weinl, C. E. Holt, and W. A. Harris. "Endocytosis - Dependent Desensitization and Protein Synthesis - Dependent Resensitization in Retinal Growth Cone Adaptation." Nature Neuroscience. Published online: January 9, 2005. Additional Readings Stein, E., and M. Tessier - Lavigne. "Hierarchical Organization of Guidance Receptors: Silencing of Netrin Attraction by Slit Through a Robo/DCC Receptor Complex." Science 291 (2001): 1928-38.
14	Axon Guidance 2	Topic 1 Wojtowicz, W. M., J. J. Flanagan, S. S. Milard, S. L. Zipursky, and J. C. Clemens. "Alternative Splicing of Drosophila Dscam Generates Axon Guidance Receptors That Exhibit Isoform- Specific Homophilic Binding." Cell 118 (2004): 619-633. Topic 2 Grueber, W. B., B. Ye, A. W. Moore, L. Y. Jan, and Y. N. Jan. "Dendrites of Distinct Classes of Drosophila Sensory Neurons Show Different Capacities for Homotypic Repulsion." Current Biology 13 (2003): 618-626. Additional Readings Bagri, A., H. Cheng, A. Yaron, S. J. Pleasure, and M. Tessier-Lavigne. "Stereotyped Pruning of Long Hippocampal Axon Brances Triggered By Retraction Inducers of The Semaphorin Family." Cell 113 (2003): 285-299.
15	Cell Death	Reviews Jacobson, M. D., M. Weil, et al. "Programmed Cell Death in Animal development." Cell 88, no. 3 (1997): 347-54. de la Rosa, E. J., and F. de Pablo. "Cell Death in Early Neural Development: Beyond the Neurotrophic Theory." Trends Neurosci 23, no. 10 (2000): 454-8. Kuan, C. Y., K. A. Roth, et al. "Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in The Developing Brain." Trends Neurosci 23, no. 7 (2000): 291-7. Topic 1 Blaschke, A. J., K. Staley, et al. "Widespread Programmed Cell Death in Proliferative and Postmitotic Regions of the Fetal Cerebral Cortex." Development 122, no. 4 (1996): 1165-74. Topic 2 Putz, U., C. Harwell, et al. "Soluble CPG15 Expressed During Early Development Rescues Cortical Progenitors from Apoptosis." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (2005): 322-31. Additional Readings Kuida, K., T. F. Haydar, et al. "Reduced Apoptosis and Cytochrome c- Mediated Caspase Activation in Mice Lacking Caspase 9." Cell 94, no. 3 (1998): 325-37.
16	Growth Factors	Reviews Huang, E. J., and L. F. Reichardt. "Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function." Ann Rev Neurosci 24 (2001): 677-736. Topic 1 Kuruvilla, R., L. S. Zweifel, et al. "A Neurot rophin Signaling Cascade Coordinates Sympathetic Neuron Development Through Differential Control of TrkA Trafficking and Retrograde Sigaling." Cell 118, no. 2 (2004): 243-55. Topic 2 Ma, L., T. Harada, C. Harada, M. Romero, J. M. Hebert, S. K. McConnell, and L. F. Parada. "Neurotrophin - 3 is Required For Appropriate Establishment of Thalamocortical Connections." Neuron 36 (2003): 623-634. Additional Readings Kang, H., and E. M. Schuman. "Long- Lasting Neurotrophin - Induced Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission in the Adult Hippocampus." Science 267 (1995): 1658-62. Horch, H. W., and L. C. Katz. "BDNF Release from Single Cells Elicits Local Dendritic Growth in Nearby Neurons." Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 11 (2002): 1177-84. Levi-Motalcini, R. "NGF: An Uncharted Route." In The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery. Edited by Frederic Worden, Judith P. Swazey and George Adelman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975. ISBN: 0262730421.
17	Map Formation 1: The Retinotectal System-Chemical and Molecular Gradients	Reviews Wilkinson, D. G. "Multiple Roles of EPH Receptors and Ephrins in Neural Development." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 155-164. Pittman, A. J., and C. Chien. "Understanding Dorsovent Ral Topography: Backwards and Forwards." Neuron 35 (2002): 409-411. Godement, P., and C. Mason. "It's All in the Assay: A New Model for Retinotectal Topographic Mapping." Neuron 42 (2004): 697-699. Topic 1 Nakamoto, M., H. Cheng, G. C. Friedman, T. McLaughlin, M. J. Hansen, C. H. Yoon, D. D. M. O'Leary, and J. G. Flanagan. "Topographically Specific Effects of ELF-1 on Retinal Axon Guidance in Vitro and Retinal Axon Mapping in Vivo." Cell 86 (1996): 755-766. Topic 2 Hansen, M. J., G. E. Dallal, and J. G. Flanagan. "Retinal Axon Response to Ephrin - As Shows a Graded, Concentration - Dependent Transition from Growth Promotion to Inhibition." Neuron 42 (2004): 717-730. Additional Readings Hindges, R., T. McLaughlin, N. Genoud, M. Henkemeyer, and D. D. M. O'Leary. "EphB Forward Signaling Controls Directional Branch Extension and Arborizaiton Required for Dorsal - Ventral Retinotopic Mapping." Neuron 35 (2002): 475-487.
18	Neuronal Migration 2: Long Distance Travel	Reviews Maricich, S. M., E. C. Gilmore, and K. Herrup. "The Role of Tangential Migration in The Establishment of Mammalian Cortex." Neuron 31: 175-78. Marin, O., and J. L. R. Rubenstein. "Cell Migration in The Forebrain." Annu Rev Neurosci 26 (2003): 441-483. Topic 1 Lois, C. , J. M. Garcia - Verdugo, A. Alvarez - Buyalla. "Chain Migration of Neuronal Precursors." Science 271 (1996): 978-81. Topic 2 Anderson, S. A., D. D. Eisenstat, L. Shi, and J. L. R. Rubenstein. "Interneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on Dlx Genes." Science 278 (1997): 474-76 Additional Readings Wu, W., K. Wong, J.-H. Chen, Z.-H. Jiang, S. Dupuis, J. Y. Wu, and Y. Rao."Directional Guidance of Neuronal Migration in the Olfactory System by the Protein Slit." Nature 400 (1999): 331-336.
19	Map Formation 2: The Olfactory System-Representing Smells in the Brain	Reviews Mombaerts, P. "Molecular Biology of Odorant Receptors in Vertebrates." Annu Rev Neurosci 22 (1999): 487-509. Ranganathan, R., and L. B. Buck. "Olfactory Axon Pathfinding: Who is the Pied Piper?" Neuron 35 (2002): 599-600. Topic 1 Uchida, N., Y. K. Takahashi, M. Tanifuji, and K. Mori. "Odor Maps in The Mammalian Olfactory Bulb: Domain Organization and Odorant Structural Features." Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000): 1035-1043. Topic 2 Belluscio, L., C. Lodovichi, P. Feinstein, P. Mombaerts, and L. C. Katz. "Odorant Receptors Instruct Functional Circuitry in The Mouse Olfactory Bulb." Nature 419 (2002): 296-300. Additional Readings Zou, Z., L. F. Horowitz, J. Montmayeur, S. Snapper, and L. B. Buck. "Genetic Tracing Reveals a Terotyped Sensorymap in the Olfactory Cortex." Nature 414 (2001): 173-179.
20	Activity Dependent Development 1: The Visual and Auditory Systems	Reviews Wiesel, T. N. "Postnatal Development of The Visual Cortex and The Influence of Environment." Nature 299 (1982): 583-591. Knudsen, E. I. "Instructed learning in The Auditory Localization Pathway of The Barn Owl." Nature 417 (2002): 322-328. Hua, J. Y., and S. J. Smith. "Neural activity and the Dynamics of Central Nervous System Development." Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (2004): 327-32. Read this one for fun Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. "Early Exploration of The Visual Cortex." Neuron 3 (1998): 401-12. Topic 1 Hata, Y., T. Tsumoto, et al. "Selective Pruning of More Active Afferents When Cat Visual Cortex is Pharmacologically Inhibited." Neuron 22, no. 2 (1999): 375-81. Topic 2 Brainard, M. S., and E. I. Knudsen "Sensitive Periods for Visual Calibration of The Auditory Space Map in The Barn Owl Optic Tectum." J Neurosci 18 (1998): 3929-42. Additional Readings Zoghbi, H. Y. "Postnatal Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Meeting at The Synapse?" Science 302, no. 5646 (2003): 826-30.
21	Cortical Regionalization: Specification of Cerebral Cortical Areas	Reviews Rakic, P. "Specification of Cerebral Cortical Areas." Science 241 (1998): 170-176. Sur, M., and C. A. Leamey. "Development and Plasticity of Cortical Areas and Networks." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 251-262. Topic 1 Hamasaki, T., A. Leingartner, T. Ringstedt, and D. D. M. O'Leary. "EMX2 Regulates Sizes and Positioning of The Primary Sensory and Motor Areas in Neocortex by Direct Specification of Cortical Progenitors." Neuron 43 (2004): 359-372. Topic 2 Sharma, J., A. Angelucci, and M. Sur. "Induction of Visual Orientation Modules in Auditory Cortex." Nature 404 (2000): 841-847. Additional Readings Fukuchi - Shimogori, T., and E. A. Grove. "Emx2 Patterns TheNeocortex by Regulating FGF Positional Signaling." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 825-831. Von Melchner, L., S. L. Pallas, and M. Sur. "Visual Behaviour Mediated by Retinal Projections Directed to The Auditory Pathway." Nature 404 (2000): 871-876.
22	Activity Dependent Development 2: Plasticity Genes	Reviews Nedivi, E. "Molecular Analysis of Development Plasticity in Neocortex." J Neurobiol 41 (1999): 135-147. Topic 1 Gordon, J. A., D. Cioffi, A. J. Silva, and M. P. Stryker. "Deficient Plasticity in The Primary Visual Cortex of a- Calcium/Calmoudulin - Dependent Protein Kinase II Mutant Mice." Neuron 17 (1996): 491-499. Topic 2 Cantallops, I., K. Haas, and H. T. Cline. "Postsynaptic CPG15 Promotes Synaptic Maturation and Presynaptic Axon Arbor Elaboration in Vivo." Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000): 1004-1011. Additional Readings Tu, J. C., B. Xiao, J. P. Yuan, A. A. Lanahan, K. Leoffert, M. Li, D. J. Linden, and P. F. Worley. "Homer Binds a Novel Proline - Rich Motif and Links Group 1 Metabot Ropic Glutamate Receptors with IP3 Receptors." Neuron 21 (1998): 717.
23	Synapse Formation 1: NMJ	Reviews Sanes, J. R., and J. W. Lichtman. "Induction, Assembly, Maturation and Maintenance of a Postsynaptic Apparatus." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11 (2001): 791-805. Topic 1 Gautam, M., P. G. Noakes, L. Moscoso, F. Rupp, R. H. Scheller, J. P. Merlie, and J. R. Sanes. "Defective Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis in Agrindeficient Mutant Mice." Cell 85 (1996): 525-535. Topic 2 Keller-Peck, C. R., M. K. Walsh, W. B. Gan, G. Feng, J. R. Sanes, and J. W. Lichtman. "Asynchronous Synapse Elimination in Neonatal Motor Units: Studies Using GFP Transgenic Mice." Neuron Supp 31(2001): 381-94. Additional Readings Kasthuri, N., and J. W. Lichtman. "The Role of Neuronal Identity in Synaptic Competition." Nature 424 (2003): 426-430. Buffelli, M., R. W. Burgess, G. Feng, C. G. Lobe, J. W. Lichtman, and J. R. Sanes. "Genetic Evidence That Relative Synaptic Efficacy Biases The Outcome of Synaptic Competition." Nature 424 (2003): 430-434.
24	Synapse Formation 2: Central Synapses	Review Goda, Y., and G. W. Davis. "Mechanisms of Synapse Assembly and Disassembly." Neuron 40 (2003): 243-264. Morgan, J., and R. Wong. "Single Dendrite Seeks Stable Relationship." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 205-206. Topic 1 Niell, C. M., M. P. Meyer, and S. J. Smith. "In Vivo Imaging of Synapse Formation on A Growing Dendritic Arbor." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 254-260. Topic 2 Umemori, H., M. W. Linhoff, D. M. Ornitz, and J. R. Sanes. "FGF22 and Its Close Relatives are Presynaptic Organizing Molecules in The Mammalian Brain." Cell 118 (2004): 257-270. Additional Readings Sabo, S. L., and A. K. McAllister. "Mobility and Cycling of Synaptic Protein- Containing Vesicles in Axonal Growth Cone Filopodia." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1264-1269.