Space System Architecture and Design

Fall 2004

The Terrestrial Planet Finder formation-flying infrared interferometer, set to launch before 2020. The TPF served as an example for the class discussion on tradespace exploration. (Image courtesy of NASA's Web site.)

Course Highlights

This course features readings and lecture materials which support and frame its weekly discussions.

Course Description

Space System Architecture and Design incorporates lectures, readings and discussion on topics in the architecting of space systems. The class reviews existing space system architectures and the classical methods of designing them. Sessions focus on multi-attribute utility theory as a new design paradigm for space systems, when combined with integrated concurrent engineering and efficient searches of large architectural tradespaces. Designing for flexibility and uncertainty is considered, as are policy and product development issues.

Technical Requirements

Special software is required to use some of the files in this course: .xls.

Syllabus

Audience

Specialists in architecting and designing space systems
Graduate students learning about space system architecting and design

Class Lecture Map

Classes are mapped into a number of 2 hour lectures/seminar discussions.

Course Description

Prerequisite: Permission of Instructor

H-Level Grad Credit

"Space System Architecture and Design" is a lecture, reading and discussion subject on topics in the architecting of space systems. The class reviews existing space system architectures and the classical methods of designing them. The course focuses on use of multi attribute utility theory as a new design paradigm for the space systems when combined with integrated concurrent engineering and efficient searches of large architectural tradespaces. It considers topics such as design of flexibility into the architecture, resolution of uncertainty (technical, economic etc.) in the architectures, and the integration with policy issues and product development issues. The class is an excellent front end for 16.89.

Grading Policy

ACTIVITIES	PERCENTAGES
Written Homework	50%
Class Participation and Reading	50%

It is expected that class reading will be done before each class session.

Learning Objectives

Critique existing design and architecture determination methods applied to space systems
Use a new framework, and choose and use appropriate new tools, to determine optimal space architectures
Explain and model the impact of factors such as uncertainties, policy decisions, and the need for robustness and flexibility on optimal architectures

Measurable Outcomes

Explain current space systems architecture methods and their problems and limitations
Set up and justify a tradespace analysis using functional system attributes, user utilities, and a scoped and quantified design vector
Choose and use appropriate tools for analysis of the tradespace, e.g. several of Quality Function Deployment, Multi-attribute Utility Theory, N-squared or Design Structure Matrix analysis, existing analysis tools and software, and optimization tools and methods
Analyze a simple tradespace using the Multi-Attribution Tradespace Exploration framework
Identify and estimate the effects of multiple sources of risk and uncertainty
Explain concepts of robustness and flexibility
Understand and estimate the effects of policy decisions

Estimate and explain uncertainty, flexibility, and/or policy effects on a simple tradespace using appropriate tools such as portfolio optimization or real options theory

Calendar

Course schedule.
LEC #	TOPICS	LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Part I: Introduction and Motivation
1	Space Systems and Definitions	Definition of architecture – ways of thinking about architectures; Notion of views The different worlds of space (Commercial, Civil, Military) + architectures associated with them Definitions of space systems and satellites – what is a satellite design Description of different types and classes of space system architectures (communication, navigation, weather, remote sensing, launch) Exercise in representing a simple architecture from several viewpoints
2	Classic Solutions	Classical space systems design (SMAD) Issues with classical architecting (timescales, things missed, tradeoffs with technology, schedule, cost and risk) Descriptions of successes and issues with the current process (SBIRS, Iridium, GPS) Cost Estimating and why is it so difficult
Part II: A New Space Architecture Process
3	Introduction to MATE	Need for a new process Stakeholders - attributes - utilities - tradespaces Introduction to process - tradespace exploration - MATE-CON Bounding of problem, selection of Attributes and Design Vector
4	Applied Utility Theory	Single attribute utilities; XTOS as an example; SpaceTug as an example Multi attribute utility; XTOS as an example; SpaceTug as an example GINA as a example of a utility theory Issues with utility theory
5	Modeling and Exploring the Tradespace	Tradespaces; Multi objectives, performance, cost and Pareto fronts Exploring the tradespace, lessons from the tradespace for XTOS and SpaceTug TPF, Broadband, ATOS, BTOS as further examples of tradespace exploration
6	Integrated Concurrent Engineering	Integrated Concurrent Engineering Link to SMAD (relationships used by chairs) The MATE-CON chair and the changing definition of "requirements" Exploring families of designs XTOS and SpaceTug as examples Concluding words on MATE-CON uses
7	Examples - XTOS and SPACETUG and MATE-CON Simulation	Review systems examined with tradespace exploration Run XTOS and SpaceTug simulations
8	Efficient Searches of Tradespaces	Use of Optimization to help in the Engineering Design Process Optimization Methods (Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing) Spacecraft Design Optimization Distributed Space Systems Design Optimization MMDOSA (as a way to search tradespaces) Examples (Techsat 21, Broadband, TPF)
9	Uncertainty and Risk	Sources of Uncertainty Clarity Test Taxonomy of Uncertainty for aerospace products Uncertainty and Risk Treatment of Uncertainty in space companies Advanced Discussion of Uncertainty 1) Irreducible Uncertainty 2) Portfolio Theory 3) Portfolio Applications
10	Flexibility for Space Systems I	Introduction and Definition Taxonomy of flexibility Real Options and Other Financial Tools
11	Flexibility for Space Systems II	Discussion of Homework 10 Flexibility expressed through on-orbit servicing Provider and Servicer Perspective Upgrading vrs life extension
12	Policy Issues in Space System Architectures	Definition of space policy from several perspectives US National Space Policy Another country space policy Space Policy Heuristics Policy Architectures and the interaction with technical architectures Use of real options in policy analysis

Readings

Course readings.
LEC #	TOPICS	READINGS
Part I: Introduction and Motivation
1	Space Systems and Definitions	Required Crawley, Edward, Olivier de Weck, Steven Eppinger, Christopher Magee, Joel Moses, Warren Seering, Joel Schindall, David Wallace, and Daniel Whitney (Chair). "The Influence of Architecture in Engineering Systems." 2004. Maier on Systems Architecture: Maier, Mark W., and Eberhardt Rechtin. The Art of Systems Architecting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002, chapters 1 and 2. ISBN: 0849304407. Clark on Networks: Clark, David D. "The Nature of Network Architecture." NewArch: Future Generation Internet Architecture, DARPA grant F30602-00-2-0553 (2004): Section 2. Maier on System of Systems: Maier, Mark W. "Architecting Principles for Systems-of-Systems." Systems Engineering 1, no. 4 (1998): 267-284. Sage and Lynch on System Views: Sage, Andrew P., and Charles L. Lynch. "Systems Integration and Architecting: An Overview of Principles, Practices, and Perspectives." Systems Engineering 1, no. 3 (1998): 176-227. Iridium Trades: Garrison, T. P., M. Ince, J. Pizzicaroli, and P. A. Swan. "System Engineering Trades for the IRIDIUM Constellation." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 34, no. 5 (1997): 675-680. NASA new design paradigm: Goldin, Daniel S., Samuel L. Venneri, and Ahmed K. Noor. "New Frontiers in Design Synthesis." Acta Astronautica 44, no. 7-12 (April-June 1999): 407-418. Recommended History of US MILSATCOM: Martin, Donald H. "A History of U.S. Military Satellite Communication Systems." Crosslink 3, no. 1 (Winter 2001/2002). See also MILSATCOM descriptions. GPS site.
2	Classic Solutions	Required Wertz, James R., and Wiley J. Larson. Space Mission Analysis and Design. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999, chapters 1-4. ISBN: 1881883108. Department of Defense. Report of the Defense Science Board / Air Force Scientific Advisory Board Joint Task Force on Acquisition of National Security Space Programs, a.k.a. Tom Young Report. Lillie, Charles F., Michael J. Wehner, and Tom Fitzgerald. "Multidiscipline Design as Applied to Space." AIAA Paper, 1998. Recommended NASA Systems Engineering Handbook.
Part II: A New Space Architecture Process
3	Introduction to MATE
4	Applied Utility Theory	Required de Neufville, Richard. Applied Systems Analysis: Engineering Planning and Technology Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1990, chapters 18-21. ISBN: 0070163723. Gumbert, C. C., M. D. Violet, D. E. Hastings, W. M. Hollister, and R. R. Lovel. "Cost per Billable Minute Metric for Comparing Satellite Systems." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 34, no. 6 (1997): 837-846. Shaw, G. M., D. W. Miller, and D. E. Hastings. "Development of the Quantitative Generalized Information Network Analysis (GINA) Methodology for Satellite Systems." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 38, no. 2 (2001): 257-269. Thurston, D. L. "Real and Misconceived Limitations to Decision Based Design with Utility Analysis." Journal of Mechanical Design 123 (June 2001): 176-82.
5	Modeling and Exploring the Tradespace	Required Belegundu, A. D., E. Halberg, M. A. Yukish, and T. W. Simpson. "Attribute-Based Multidisciplinary Optimization of Undersea Vehicles." AIAA Paper 2000-4865, 8th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Long Beach, CA. September 2000. Stump, G., T. W. Simpson, M. Yukish, and L. Bennett. "Multidimensional Visualization and its Application to a Design-by-Shopping Paradigm." AIAA Paper 2002-5622, 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Atlanta, GA. September 2002. Recommended Larson, W. J., and J. R. Wertz. Space Mission Analysis and Design. 3rd ed. El Segundo, CA: Microcosm Press, 1999, chapter 11. (In particular.) Budianto, I. A., and J. R. Olds. "A Collaborative Optimization Approach to Design and Deployment of a Space-Based Infrared System Constellation." 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. Big Sky, Montana, March 2000, pp. 385-393. Owens, J. M., and M. B. Johnson. "Interplanetary Small Mission Studies." 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. Big Sky, Montana, March 2001, pp. 409-422.
6	Integrated Concurrent Engineering	Required Neff, J., and S. P. Presley. "Implementing a Collaborative Conceptual Design System: The Human Element is the Most Powerful Part of the System." 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. Big Sky, Montana, March 2000, pp. 341-353. Aguilar, J. A., and A. Dawdy. "Scope vs. Detail: The Teams of the Concept Design Center." 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. Big Sky, Montana, March 2000, pp. 465-482. Parkin, K., J. Sercel, M. Liu, and D. Thunnissen. "ICEMaker: An Excel-Based Environment for Collaborative Design." 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings. Big Sky, Montana, March 2003.
7	Examples - XTOS and SPACETUG and MATE-CON Simulation	Required All system examples: McManus, Hugh L., Daniel E. Hastings, and Joyce M. Warmkessel. "New Methods for Rapid Architecture Selection and Conceptual Design." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (Jan-Feb 2004): 10-19. ATOS description: McManus, Hugh L., and Joyce M. Warmkessel. "New Methods for Rapid Architecture Selection and Conceptual Design." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (Jan-Feb 2004): 69-74. BTOS description: Warmkessel, J. and N. Diller. "Applying Multi-attribute Utility Analysis to Architecture Research for the Terrestrial Observer Swarm." Proceedings of the IEEE/AIAA 20th Digital Avionic Systems Conference. Daytona Beach, FL, October 2001. XTOS description: Ross, Adam M., Daniel E. Hastings, Joyce M. Warmkessel, and Nathan P. Diller. "New Methods for Rapid Architecture Selection and Conceptual Design." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (Jan-Feb 2004): 20-28. SpaceTug description: McManus, Hugh L., and Todd E. Schuman. "Understanding the Orbital Transfer Vehicle Trade Space." AIAA Space Conference and Exposition. Long Beach, CA, September 23-25, 2003.
8	Efficient Searches of Tradespaces	Required Automating the Design Process: Fukunaga, Alex S., Steve Chien, Darren Mutz, Robert L. Sherwood, and Andre D. Stechert. "Automating the Process of Optimization in Spacecraft Design." Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference. Snowmass, CO, 1997. MultiObjective Optimization: Hassan, Rania A., and William A. Crossley. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Communication Satellites with Two-Branch Tournament Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 40, no. 2 (2003): 266-272. MDO. MMDOSA: Jilla, Cyrus D., and David W. Miller. "Multi-Objective, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Methodology for Distributed Satellite Systems." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (Jan-Feb 2004): 39-50.
9	Uncertainty and Risk	Required Department of Defense. Report of the Defense Science Board / Air Force Scientific Advisory Board Joint Task Force on Acquisition of National Security Space Programs, a.k.a. Tom Young Report. Hastings, Daniel, Annalisa Weigel, and Myles Walton. "Incorporating Uncertainty into Conceptual Design of Space System Architectures." Full text , data , and conclusion . (Courtesy of Daniel Hastings, Annalisa Weigel, and Myles Walton. Used with permission.) Zuckerman, Brian. "Defining Engineering Systems: Investigating National Missile Defense." Thunnisen, D. P. "Method for Determining Margins in Conceptual Design." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (2004): 85-92. Garber, R., and M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell. "Modeling the Effects of Dispersion of Design Teams on System Failure Risk." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 41, no. 1 (2004): 60-68. Walton, Myles A., and Daniel E. Hastings. "Managing Uncertainty in the Conceptual Design of Space Systems Using Portfolio Theory." ———. "Applications of Uncertainty Analysis Applied to the Conceptual Design of Space Systems." (Courtesy of Myles A. Walton and Daniel E. Hastings. Used with permission.) Columbia Accident Investigation Report - Executive Summary.
10	Flexibility for Space Systems I	Required ESD Definitions. GINA definition of flexibility: Shaw, G. M., D. W. Miller, and D. E. Hastings. "Development of the Quantitative Generalized Information Network Analysis (GINA) Methodology for Satellite Systems." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 38, no. 2 (2001): 257-269. Saleh, J. H., K. S. Marais, D. E. Hastings, and D. J. Newman. "Extracting the Essence of Flexibility in System Design." 3rd NASA/DoD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware. Long Beach, CA, July 2001. ———. "The Case for Flexibility in System Design." 12th Annual INCOSE International Systems Engineering Symposium (INCOSE 2001). Las Vegas, NV, July-August 2002
11	Flexibility for Space Systems II	Required Nilchiani, Roshanak., and Daniel E. Hastings. "Measuring Flexibility in Design of an Orbital Transportatoin Network." AIAA Space 2003 Conference and Exposition. Long Beach, CA, September 23-25, 2003. Saleh, Joseph H., Elisabeth Lamassoure, and Daniel E. Hastings. "Space Systems Flexibility: Provided by On-Orbit Servicing: Part 1." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (0022-4650) 39, no. 4 (2002). ———. "Space Systems Flexibility: Provided by On-Orbit Servicing: Part 2." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (0022-4650) 39, no. 4 (2002). Saleh, Joseph H., Elisabeth S. Lamassoure, Daniel E. Hastings, and Dava J. Newman. "Flexibility and the Value of On-Orbit Servicing: New Customer-Centric Perspective." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (0022-4650) 40, no. 2 (2003).
12	Policy Issues in Space System Architectures	Required Weigel, Annalisa L., and Daniel E. Hastings. "Interaction of Policy Choices and Technical Requirements for a Space Transportation Infrastructure." ———. "Application of Real Options to Strategic Management of Military Satellite Communications." AIAA Space 2001 Conference and Exposition. Albuquerque, NM, August 28-30, 2001. ———. "Measuring the Value of Designing for Uncertain Future Downward Budget Instabilities." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (0022-4650) 41, no. 1 (2004). Recommended Weigel, Annalisa L., and Daniel E. Hastings. "Evaluating the Cost and Risk Impacts of Launch Choices." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (0022-4650) 41, no. 1 (2004). Hastings, Daniel E., Elisabeth S. Lamassoure, Annalisa L. Weigel, and Joseph H. Saleh. "Policy Enablers for the Development of a Space-Based Infrastructure." 2001. de Weck, Olivier L., and Darren (Datong) Chang. "Architecture Trade Methodology for LEO Personal Communication Systems." AIAA 2002-1866, 20th Intl Comm Satellite Systems Conference. Montreal, Canada, May 12-15, 2002. Additional Resources European Commission Green Paper. "European Space Policy." Response to EC Green Paper on "European Space Policy" from Students and Young Space Professionals. (Courtesy of Shane Kemper. Used with permission.)