Engineering > Urban Studies and Planning > Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning in De

Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning in De posted by duggu on 1/30/2008

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Courseware/Lectures

Test/Tutorials

Course Highlights

This course features a complete set of assignments, and an extensive list of related resources relevant to the subject matter.

Course Description

This course examines the policy and planning for the provision of water supply and sanitation services in developing countries. It reviews available technologies, but emphasizes the planning and policy process, including economic, social, environmental, and health issues. The course incorporates considerations of financing, pricing, institutional structure, consumer demand, and community participation in the planning process. And it evaluates policies and projects in case studies from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe.

Syllabus

Course Description

In this course, we will examine the planning process for the provision of water supply and sanitation (W&S) services in developing countries. After a review of the state of water and sanitation services in different parts of the world and a brief introduction to W&S technologies, we will cover issues of service pricing, alternative institutional structures, including privatization, and the role of consumer demand and community participation in the planning process. Please note that the course is not technical in nature. Although we will become familiar with different W&S technologies, the emphasis of this course is on planning and policy processes in the sector. We will also examine environmental and public health considerations in water supply and sanitation planning, as well as strategies for serving low-income households. The course will make extensive use of case studies from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe. Assignments will include policy memos and a journal of notes on the assigned readings.

Assignments

Two policy memos (5 pages maximum) and 8 readings journal entries (~1 page).

Description of Assignments

Each student will keep a journal of notes/short reflections on the assigned readings for the class. For each set of readings, the instructor will provide a short list of discussion questions to help students focus their reading and prepare for the class session. Students can, but need not, also use these questions as the basis of their readings journal entries. Note that these entries should not be a summary of the readings, but some of the students' thoughts about their themes and debates. Journal entries should be written for each class session except those in which a policy memo is due. Journals will be read by the instructor on a weekly basis, and students can expect feedback on roughly one third of their entries. Students who are interested in discussing ideas from the readings, or regarding W&S planning and policy more generally are welcome to visit the instructor at any time.
Policy memos are a unique written product that practitioners in the policy and planning fields should be able to produce. See the "Guide to Writing Effective Policy Memos" and the student examples in the assignments section.

Grading

A final grade will be awarded for each student and will be comprised of the following:

Course grading.
activities	percentages
Attendance/Participation	35%
Readings Journal	30%
Policy Memo(s)	35%

Note that 35% of the final grade is based on attendance and participation. Participation includes completing assigned reading before class and being an active member of group discussions; the class is based on facilitated discussions rather than lecture.

Calendar

The first five sessions of the class were held at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England.

Course calendar.
Lec #	Topics	key dates
1	Introduction to the Class State of the World's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Problem Identification
2	An Introduction to Water Supply and Sanitation Technologies: Guest Speaker: Prof. Susan Murcott
3	How to Define and Measure Access to Water Supply and Sanitation	Small group work and oral presentations
4	Goals of W&S Investment: Human Health and Productivity Gains, the Environment
5	The Millennium Development Goals for Water and Sanitation
6	Stakeholder Analysis: Actors in Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning and their Objectives	Readings journal entry 1 (optional)
7	Institutional Options for W&S Planning and Policy in Developing Countries: Decentralization, Community Management, Privatization, etc.	Readings journal entry 2
8	The Evolution of W&S Infrastructure Planning in Developing Countries: Supply versus Demand-oriented Approaches	Readings journal entry 3
9	Discussion of Policy Memo 1	Policy memo 1
10	Urban Sanitation Projects with Community Participation: Experiences from Brazil: Guest Speaker: Prof. Earthea Nance, Virginia Tech	Readings journal entry 4
11	Providing Water and Sanitation Services to the Poor: Strategies and Obstacles	Readings journal entry 5
12	Guest Speaker: Dale Whittington, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
13	Community Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation: Alternative Models and Outcomes	Readings journal entry 6
14	Financing and Pricing of Water and Sanitation Services	Readings journal entry 7
15	Revisiting the Privatization Debate	Readings journal entry 8
16	W&S Planning and the Environment	Readings journal entry 9
17	Discussion of Policy Memo 2 Wrap-up Discussion	Policy memo 2

Readings

Course readings.
Lec #	Topics	readings
1	Introduction to the Class State of the World's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Problem Identification	"What will it take? Water, Sanitation, and the Millennium Development Goals." Abridged Final Report of the United Nations Millennium Project's Task Force on Water and Sanitation. World Health Organization and UNICEF. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment. Excerpts, 2000.
2	An Introduction to Water Supply and Sanitation Technologies: Guest Speaker: Prof. Susan Murcott
3	How to Define and Measure Access to Water Supply and Sanitation
4	Goals of W&S Investment: Human Health and Productivity Gains, the Environment	Recommended World Bank. "Infrastructure: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities." In World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1994, pp. 13-22. ISBN: 0195209915.
5	The Millennium Development Goals for Water and Sanitation	Visit Millennium Development Goals for some background information on the MDG process. Note: If you are unfamiliar with international aid agencies like the World Bank, you will also find the following Web sites useful: The World Bank Group (click on 'About' at the top left corner) The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (start with the 'Questions and Answers' link)
6	Stakeholder Analysis: Actors in Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning and their Objectives	Davis, J. "Corruption in Public Services: Experience from South Asia's Water and Sanitation Sector." World Development 32, no. 1 (2004): 53-71. James, A., J. Verhagen, C. van Wijk, R. Nanavaty, M. Parikh, and M. Bhatt. "Transforming Time into Money using Water: A Participatory Study of Economics and Gender in Rural India." Natural Resources Forum 26 (2002): 205-217.
7	Institutional Options for W&S Planning and Policy in Developing Countries: Decentralization, Community Management, Privatization, etc.	Davis, J. "Private-sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation: A Review of Experience." Forthcoming in Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2005, Sections 1 and 2. Spiller, W., and P. Savedoff. "Government Opportunism and the Provision of Water." Chapter 1 in Spilled Water: Institutional Commitment in the Provision of Water Services. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. ISBN: 1886938563. Pathak, B. "Sanitation is the Key to Healthy Cities." Environment and Urbanization 11, no. 1 (1999): 221-229. Davis, J. Handout on Economic Principles of W&S Service Delivery. Parkinson, J., and K. Tayler. "Decentralized Wastewater Management in Peri-Urban Areas in Low-Income Countries." Environment and Urbanization 15, no. 1 (2003): 75-89. Optional Davis, J., et. al. "Local Government: Kerala, India." Section 4 in Good Governance in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Experience from South Asia. New Delhi, India: Water and Sanitation Program, 2001.
8	The Evolution of W&S Infrastructure Planning in Developing Countries: Supply versus Demand-oriented Approaches	The Dublin Statement McPhail, A. "The 'Five Percent Rule' for Improved Water Service: Can Households Afford More?" World Development 21, no. 6 (1993): 963-973. Whittington, D., J. Davis, H. Miarsono, and R. Pollard. "Designing a 'Neighborhood Deal' for Urban Sewers: A Case Study of Semarang, Indonesia." Journal of Planning Education and Research 19 (2000): 297-308. MacRae, D., et. al. "Assessing Preferences in Cost-Benefit Analysis: Reflections on Rural Water Supply Evaluation in Haiti." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 7, no. 2 (1988): 246-263.
9	Discussion of Policy Memo 1	Recommended for Case Study Zaroff, Barbara, and Daniel A. Okun. "Water Vending in Developing Countries." Aqua, no. 5 (1984): 289-295.
10	Urban Sanitation Projects with Community Participation: Experiences from Brazil: Guest Speaker: Prof. Earthea Nance, Virginia Tech	Nance, E. "Innovating with Condominial Sewer Technology." Chapter 2 in Putting Participation in Context: An Evaluation of Urban Sanitation in Brazil. Ph. D. Dissertation, Stanford University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004. Sinnatamby, G. "Low Cost Sanitation." In The Poor Die Young. Edited by S. Cairncross, J. Hardoy, and D. Satterthwaite. London, UK: Earthscan, 1990. ISBN: 1853830194.
11	Providing Water and Sanitation Services to the Poor: Strategies and Obstacles	Crane, R. "Water Markets, Market Reform and the Urban Poor: Results From Jakarta, Indonesia." World Development 22, no. 1 (1994): 71-83. Davis, J., S. Tankha, A. Ghosh, P. Martin, T. Samad, B. Zia, and G. Prunier. "Ahmedabad: The Slum Networking Program." Section 3 in Good Governance the Water and Sanitation Sector: Experience from South Asia. New Delhi, India: Water and Sanitation Program. (Forthcoming.) Gomez-Lobo, A. "Making Water Affordable: Output-based Consumption Subsidies in Chile." In Contracting for Public Services: Output-based Aid and its Applications. Edited by P. Brooks, and S. Smith. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2001. ISBN: 0821350072.
12	Guest Speaker: Dale Whittington, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
13	Community Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation: Alternative Models and Outcomes	Isham, J., et. al. "Does Participation Improve Performance? Establishing Causality with Subjective Data." World Bank Economic Review 9, no. 2 (1995): 175-200. Jaglin, S. "The Right to Water versus Cost Recovery: Participation, Urban Water Supply and the Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environment and Urbanization 14, no. 1 (2002): 232-245. Khwaja, A. I. "Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities? Collective Action in Public Good Provision." Unpublished Manuscript, Harvard University, 2002. (Notes: Focus on the 'Intuition' sections in the Presentation of the Econometric Model. Our discussion will largely center on Sections 5 and 6.)
14	Financing and Pricing of Water and Sanitation Services	Boland, J., and D. Whittington. "The Political Economy of Increasing Block Tariffs in Developing Countries." Ottowa: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, 2003. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. "Willing to Pay but Unwilling to Charge." Field Note, June 1999. DeMoor, Andre. "Stalking the Elusive Subsidy," and "Water, Water Everywhere." In Subsidizing Unsustainable Development: Undermining the Earth with Public Funds. San Jose, Costa Rica: Earth Council, 1997. ISBN: 0968184405.
15	Revisiting the Privatization Debate	Davis, J. "Private-sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation: A Review of Experience." Forthcoming in Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2005. Nickson, A., and C. Vargas. "The Limitations of Water Regulation: The Failure of the Cochabama Concession in Bolivia." Bulletin of Latin American Research 21, no. 1 (2002): 99-120. Clarke, G., and C. Menard. "Measuring the Welfare Effects of Reform: Urban Water Supply in Guinea." World Development 30, no. 9 (2002): 1517-1537. (Note: Don't worry about the statistical analysis; just focus on the main ideas.) Mehta, L., and B. Madsen. "The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Poor People's Right to Water." IDS Bulletin 35, no. 1: 92-102.
16	W&S Planning and the Environment	McGranahan, G., and D. Satterthwaite. "Environmental Health or Ecological Sustainability? Reconciling the Brown and Green Agendas in Urban Development." In Planning in Cities: Sustainability and Growth in the Developing World. Edited by R. Zetter, and R. London. London: ITDG, 2002. ISBN: 1853395439. Esrey, S., et. al. Ecological Sanitation. Stockholm, Sweden: Sida, 1998. ISBN: 9158676120.
17	Discussion of Policy Memo 2 Wrap-up Discussion

Webliography:

Related Resources

Water and Sanitation Newsletter

Professor Davis maintains a mailing list of water and sanitation news and information, posting topics relevant to the class and to the larger W&S field. If you would like to subscribe to this mailing list, please click on the link below. But please note: This list is not open to public comment. Postings are made only by Professor Davis. Apologies for this inconvenience.

W&S Newsletter

Water, Sanitation, and Health

WHO link

History of W&S Services

History of Sewers

Organizations

Freshwater Action Network
Global Hydrology and Climate Center
Global International Waters Assessment
Global Water Partnership
InterWater
The World's Water
Water Environment Federation
Water Quality Association
World Water Council
United Nations Environment Programme GEMS/WATER
Water Research Commission South Africa
International Office for Water
ARS Water Database
California Department of Water Resources
EPA's Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
Texas WaterNet
US Water News
AB Hydroconsult

Planning and Policy Topics

Services to the Poor

Demand Responsive Planning

Large Scale Rural Water and Sanitation Projects
Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable
Equity and Demand Responsive Approaches by IRC
The Demand Responsive Approach: What are the Benefits?

Financing and Pricing Issues

Household Credit for Water and Sanitation
Rethinking Municipal Water Tariffs (IDRC)

Gender Issues

Woman, Water and Sanitation abstracts (IRC)
Gender Issues Network
"Diverting the Flow: A Resource Guide to Gender, Rights, and Water Privatization."
Gender and Water Alliance

Institutions

Institutional Development (GARNET)
Private Provision of Water and Sanitation (WB)
Integrated Water Resources Management (WB)
Towards Integrated Water Resources Management (IRC)

Technologies

Handpumps
Pit Latrines
On-Plot Sanitation in Low-Income Urban Communities

Urban Water Supply

Improving Urban Service in Nairobi (WB)
Mega Slums: The Coming Sanitary Crisis
On-Plot Sanitation in Low-Income Urban Communities (DFID)
Sewerage and Sanitation in Jakarta and Manila (WB)
Sanitation Service for the Urban Poor in Jamaica (case study)
Groundwater: Information on Sources of Groundwater, Contamination, etc.

Privatization

Privatization in Infrastructure
Designing Contracts

Human Right to Water

Human Right to Water

Millenium Development Goals

Millenium Development Goals
Challenges of International Goals in the Water Sector

Case Studies

UNICEF Case Studies in Environmental Sanitation
Sewerage and Sanitation in Jakarta and Manila (World Bank)
Improving Urban Services in Nairobi (World Bank)
World Bank's Rapid Response Unit
The site hosts studies of water resource markets, discussing issues of inter-sectoral trading and integrated water resource management. Reviews of experience point to potential benefits and practical difficulties of such systems.

Facts and Figures

Access to Sanitation Services (UNICEF)
An Overview of W&S Services in Developing Countries
Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World
UNEP's Vital Water Graphics: Info on Quantity and Quality of Available Water
Water in Schools
World Bank Urban and City Management
The WBI's Urban and City Management Program aims to build institutional capacity of urban authorities to deal with their roles as managers, regulators and financiers of urban services.

W&S Global Overview

W&S Global Overview