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Abstract/Syllabus:
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Knight, Terry, 4.580 Inquiry into Computation and Design, Fall 2006. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed 08 Jul, 2010). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
A Gehry office model of the Pritzker Pavilion in Chicago. (Image courtesy of BAMCAT on Flickr.)
Course Highlights
This course features lecture notes from selected classes.
Course Description
This subject explores the varied nature and practice of computation in design. We will view computation and design broadly. Computation will include both work done on the computer (digital computing) and by-hand. Design will include both the process of making designs and artifacts, as well as the designs and artifacts themselves. The aim of the course is to develop a view of computation and design beyond the specifics of techniques and tools, and a critical, self-awareness of our own approaches and metaphors for computation and design.
Syllabus
This subject explores the varied nature and practice of computation in design. It is also an introduction to the different work and perspectives on computation within the Computation Group.
We will view computation and design broadly. Computation will include both computing done on the computer and computing done by-hand. Design will include the process of doing design, the people or things who/that do design, the designs themselves, and the broader environment in which design takes place.
We will examine different approaches to computation and design from the perspective of metaphor. Metaphor is a powerful, conceptual device for structuring and thinking about an unfamiliar, new, or abstract domain of experience or knowledge (say, computation) in terms of another domain that is more familiar or concrete. We will examine the different, mostly unconscious metaphors that we use in thinking about and doing computation and design. We will look at the ways these metaphors emphasize and enable some ways of thinking about computation and design, while disabling or marginalizing others. These reflections may point us to new ways of seeing and doing computation in design.
The aim of the course is to develop a view of computational design beyond the specifics of techniques and tools, and a critical, self-awareness of our own approaches and metaphors for computation and design.
The semester will be divided into modules. Each module will explore a particular computational or design theme and will include a guest faculty speaker. Readings and team-based assignments will expand on the topics introduced.
Prerequisites
This is a required subject for first year Master of Science in Architecture Studies (SMArchS) students in Computation. However, it is open to interested students from other areas and departments.
Calendar
Course Calendar.
SES # |
TOPICS |
KEY DATES |
1 |
Introduction / Metaphor |
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2 |
The Silent Game I |
Assignment 1 due |
3 |
Metaphors We Design and Compute By |
Assignment 2 due |
4 |
The Silent Game II |
Assignment 3 due |
5 |
Design, Rules, and Cognition I |
Assignment 4 due |
6 |
Design, Rules, and Cognition II |
Assignment 5 due |
7 |
Visual Calculating I |
Assignment 6 due |
8 |
Visual Calculating II |
Assignment 7 due |
9 |
Machine Computing I |
Assignment 8 due |
10 |
Machine Computing II |
Assignment 9 due |
11 |
Digital Fabricating I |
Assignment 10 due |
12 |
Digital Fabricating II |
Assignment 11 due |
13 |
Design Knowledge I |
Assignment 12 due |
14 |
Design Knowledge II |
Assignment 13 due |
15 |
Moving On |
Assignment 14 due |
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Further Reading:
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Related Resources
The following are subjects outside of the Department of Architecture that might be of interest to SMArchS Computation students.
Civil and Environmental Engineering
1.001 Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving
Mechanical Engineering
2.089J Computational Geometry
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
6.001 Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
6.034 (HST 947) Artificial Intelligence
6.042J (18.062J) Mathematics for Computer Science
6.045J (18.400J) Automata, Computability, and Complexity
6.803 (6.833) The Human Intelligence Enterprise
6.837 Computer Graphics
6.868J (MAS 731J) The Society of Mind
Brain and Cognitive Sciences
9.34J (MAS 234J) Perception, Knowledge, and Cognition
9.343J Cognitive Architectures
9.65 Cognitive Processes
Urban Studies and Planning
11.520 A Workshop on Geographic Information Systems
11.522 Research Seminar on Urban Information Systems
Media Arts and Sciences
MAS.110 Fundamentals of Computational Media Design
MAS.234J Perception, Knowledge, and Cognition
MAS.714J Technologies for Creative Learning
MAS.731J (6.868J) The Society of Mind
MAS.742 Industrial Design Intelligence: A Cognitive Approach to Engineering
MAS.834 Tangible Interfaces
MAS.863 How to Make (Almost) Anything
Linguistics and Philosophy
24.09 Minds and Machines
Science, Technology, and Society
STS.075J (21A.340J) Technology and Culture
STS.086J Anthropology of Computing
STS.443-4 Technology and Self I and II
STS.464 Intellectual History of Technology
STS.462 Social and Political Implications of Technology
STS.360J Ethnography
Edgerton Center
SP.702J Introduction to Digital Electronics
SP.765 Practical Electronics
Writing
21W.820J Writing: Science, Technology, and Society
21W.732 Introduction to Technical Communication
21F.226 Advanced Workshop in Writing for Science and Engineering (ELS)
21F.228 Advanced Workshop in Writing for Social Sciences and Architecture (ELS)
Readings
This section contains documents that could not be made accessible to screen reader software. A "#" symbol is used to denote such documents.
Course readings.
SES # |
TOPICS |
READINGS |
1 |
Introduction / Metaphor |
|
2 |
The Silent Game I |
Lakoff, G. "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought. Edited by A. Ortony. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, November 26, 1993, pp. 202-251. ISBN: 0521405610.
Habraken, N. J., M. Gross, et al. Concept Design Games. Book One: Developing. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987, pp. 1-1 - 1-7, 2-1 - 2-15, and 3-1 - 3-11.
———. Concept Design Games. Book Two: Playing. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987, pp. 0-1 - 0-5, 2-1 - 2-10, and 3-1 - 3-8.
Reddy, M. J. "The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language about Language." In Metaphor and Thought. Edited by A. Ortony (1993). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 165-201. ISBN: 0521405610.
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3 |
Metaphors We Design and Compute By |
Lakoff, G. "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought. Edited by A. Ortony. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, November 26, 1993, pp. 202-251. ISBN: 0521405610.
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4 |
The Silent Game II |
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5 |
Design, Rules, and Cognition I |
Mitchell, William J. The Logic of Architecture. Design, Computation and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990, pp. 131-181. ISBN: 0262631164.
Nagakura, T. "Shape Recognition and Transformation." In The Electronic Design Studio. Edited by Malcolm McCullough, William J. Mitchell, and Patrick Purcell. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, September 10, 1990, pp. 149-170. ISBN: 0262132540.
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6 |
Design, Rules, and Cognition II |
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7 |
Visual Calculating I |
Minsky, M. The Society of Mind. New York, NY: Touchstone, 1985, pp. 133-135. ISBN: 0671657135. [Read sections 13.1, 13.2, and 13.3 (Reformulation, Boundaries, Seeing and Believing)]
Stiny, G. "New Ways to Look at Things." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design (1998): 68-75. (Anniversary Issue)
Knight, T. W. "Shape Grammars." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design (1998): 86-91. (Anniversary Issue)
Cope, D. "Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Creativity." In Virtual Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 323-324. ISBN: 0262532611.
Bamberger, J. S. "Developing Musical Structures: A Reflective Practicum." MIT Faculty Newsletter 17, no. 1 (2004).
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8 |
Visual Calculating II |
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9 |
Machine Computing I |
Knight, T., and G. Stiny. "Classical and Non-Classical Computation." Arq 5, no. 4 (2001).
Spiller, J., ed. Paul Klee: The Thinking Eye. New York, NY: Wittenborn, 1961. ISBN: 0571066828.
Sutherland, I. "Structure in Drawings and the Hidden-Surface Problem." Chapter 7 in Reflections on Computer Aids to Design and Architecture. Edited by N. Negroponte. New York, NY: Petrocelli, 1975. ISBN: 0884053059.
Edwards, P. N. "Constructing Artificial Intelligence." Chapter 8 in The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp. 239-273. ISBN: 0262550288.
Travers, M. D. "Metaphors in Programming." Section 2.2 in Programming with Agents: New Metaphors for Thinking about Computation. Cambridge, MA: MIT PhD dissertation, 1996.
Optional Readings
Sims, K. "Evolving Virtual Creatures." Computer Graphics. Annual Conference Series, SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings (1994): 15-22. (PDF)#
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10 |
Machine Computing II |
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11 |
Digital Fabricating I |
Sass, Larry. "Materializing Design: The Implications of Rapid Prototyping in Digital Design." Design Studies 27, no. 3 (May 2006).
Minsky, M. "Why People Think Computers Can't." AI Magazine 3, no. 4 (1982). [Reprinted in: Technology Review (November/December, 1983), and in Donnelly, ed. The Computer Culture. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1985.]
Bjork, B. C. "Basic Structure of a Proposed Building Product Model." Computer Aided Design 21, no. 2 (March 1989).
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12 |
Digital Fabricating II |
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13 |
Design Knowledge I |
Forsythe, D. "Engineering Knowledge: The Construction of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence." Social Studies of Science 23, no. 3 (1993).
Simon, H. A. "The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial." Chapter 5 in The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp. 111-138. ISBN: 0262691914. (First published 1969.)
Schön, D. A. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass, 1990, pp. 1-79, chapters 1-3. ISBN: 1555422209.
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14 |
Design Knowledge II |
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15 |
Moving On |
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