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Abstract/Syllabus:
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Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, 11.950 Citizen Participation, Community Development, and Urban Governance in the Developing World, Spring 2007. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed 08 Jul, 2010). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
This anti-war protest scene illustrates one form of citizen participation. (Image courtesy of Flyover Living on Flickr.)
Course Description
Citizen participation is everywhere. Invoking it has become de rigueur when discussing cities and regions in the developing world. From the World Bank to the World Social Forum, the virtues of participation are extolled: From its capacity to "deepen democracy" to its ability to improve governance, there is no shortage to the benefits it can bring. While it is clear that participation cannot possibly "do" all that is claimed, it is also clear that citizen participation cannot be dismissed, and that there must be something to it. Figuring out what that something is — whether it is identifying the types of participation or the contexts in which it happens that bring about desirable outcomes — is the goal of the class.
Syllabus
Description
Citizen participation is everywhere. Invoking it has become de rigueur when discussing cities and regions in the developing world. From the World Bank to the World Social Forum, the virtues of participation are extolled: from its capacity to "deepen democracy" to its ability to improve governance, there is no shortage to the benefits it can bring. While it is clear that participation cannot possibly "do" all that is claimed, it is also clear that citizen participation cannot be dismissed, and that there must be something to it. Figuring out what that something is — whether it is identifying the types of participation or the contexts in which it happens that bring about desirable outcomes — is the goal of the class.
In order to gain some purchase on that, however, it is also necessary to spend some time clarifying concepts and investigating theoretical debates on participation. Despite a proliferation of best practices and successful case studies in the literature, there is general theoretical confusion on what constitutes participation, community, or governance, let alone what the desirable goals are. And in order to do that, we will also spend some time situating the current discussion on participation in its context, because it also clear that invoking participation takes place at a particular moment in development discourse as well as a particular moment of transition in the nature of the global economy and of the institutions of global governance.
Requirements
This is a reading-intensive course and you should plan on spending several hours a week in reading for this course, and you should realistically assess the workload of this course before deciding to take it. You are expected to come to class having done the all reading and ready to actively participate in discussion. It is not assumed that students have background in philosophy of science or qualitative methods, but it is assumed that you have a basic working background in social theory.
The most important requirement of this course is that you read the materials each week closely, carefully, and thoughtfully, and that you attend class as an active participant. Some of the weeks have more reading than others - the reading load generally varies inversely with its difficulty. In addition to general attendance/participation you will be expected to write weekly memos, prepare presentation(s) to the class, and two small writing projects. My assumptions in making these papers smaller and of lesser importance in the overall grade scheme is that you will devote your energies to careful reading (and thinking).
- Memos (30 percent of final grade): Before 6pm on the day before each session, submit to the seminar distribution list an analytical memo of no more than 600-1,000 words. Comment succinctly on what you found most interesting, important, puzzling, infuriating, fundamental, etc. about the readings. Distributed over email in a timely manner, these abstracts will not only help you organize your response to the readings but will also serve as a guide for discussions.
- Critical reviews / class presentations (30 percent of final grade): In groups of 2-3 you will write and distribute in class a discussion guide for the week's reading in which you briefly summarize some of the key ideas of the readings and offer some guiding questions for discussion. The discussion guide will also contain a dictionary of key terms used by the authors as well as a summary of questions submitted to the email list. I would like you to enter those terms on our class wiki. You will then briefly present some themes for discussion in the first fifteen minutes of class (this is a firm limit); you should not read your discussion guide, or feel each member of your group needs to present. Your presentation could consist of identifying particularly problematic passages in the text, contextualizing the debates implicit or explicit in the text, or preparing specific questions for discussion. I expect you to take some time preparing this presentation.
- Final Project (40 percent of the grade): Your final project, due at the last day of class, will be based on secondary (or primary) research on some aspect of participation/community/governance, preferably on a case or set of cases, and ideally closely connected to some aspect of your graduate education. If appropriate, I would gladly consider (and even encourage) group final projects. One of the expectations, to be explained in greater detail, is that your project will include a review of the experiences in at least one developing country that will add to our course wiki and contribute to one of the internet databases, such as participatorybudgeting.org. You will present these projects during the last class meetings.
Calendar
Course schedule.
SES # |
TOPICS |
Part I: Concepts and context |
1 |
Introduction to the course |
2 |
Setting the context: Globalization and development |
3 |
Setting the context (2): Globalization and cities |
4 |
Setting the context (3): Decentralization |
Part II: Normative visions |
5 |
Normative approaches (1): Civil society |
6 |
Normative approaches (2): Social capital |
7 |
Normative approaches (3): Deliberation and the public sphere |
Part III: Cases and debates |
8 |
Case studies and debates (1): Empowered participatory governance |
9 |
Case studies and debates (2): Non-governmental organizations |
10 |
Case studies and debates (3): Political concatenates |
11 |
Latin American cases |
12 |
South Asian cases |
13 |
African cases |
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Further Reading:
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Readings
This section contains documents that could not be made accessible to screen reader software. A "#" symbol is used to denote such documents.
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This page contains the required texts for the course, as well as a listing of readings by session.
Required Readings
Hickey, Samuel, and Giles Mohan, eds. Participation - From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London, UK: Zed Books, 2005. ISBN: 9781842774618.
Evans, Peter, ed. Livable Cities? Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780520230255.
Readings by Session
Course readings.
SES # |
TOPICS |
READINGS |
Part I: Concepts and context |
1 |
Introduction to the course |
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2 |
Setting the context: Globalization and development |
Harriss, John, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Tornquist. "Introduction: The New Local Politics of Democratization." In Politicising Democracy: The New Local Politics of Democratisation. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN: 9781403934819.
Evans, chapter 1.
Melo, Marcus Andre, and Gianpaolo Baiocchi. "Deliberative Democracy and Local Governance: Towards a New Agenda." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2006): 587-600.
Carley, Michael. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up: The Challenge of Cities in the New Century." In Urban Development and Civil Society. Edited by Michael Carley, et al. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001. ISBN: 9781853837173.
Pierre, Jon. "Comparative Urban Governance: Uncovering Complex Causalities." Urban Affairs Review 40 (2005): 446-462.
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3 |
Setting the context (2): Globalization and cities |
Dahl, Robert. "A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation." Political Science Quarterly 109 (1994): 23-24.
McGee, T. G. "Globalization and the Rural-Urban Relations in the Developing World." In Globalization and the World of Large Cities. Edited by Fu-Chen Lo and Yue-Man Yeung. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press, 1998. ISBN: 9789280809992.
Ponte, de Giulia. "Changing Ideas on the City: Multilateral Development Aid Institutions." International Social Science Journal 172 (2002): 205-216.
McCarney, Patricia. "Disjunctures, Divides, and Disconnects: The Promise of Local Government in Development." Isandla Institute Dark Roast Occasional Paper Series 2 (2000).
van Vliet, Willem. "Cities in a Globalizing World: From Engines of Growth to Agents of Change." Environment and Urbanization 14, no.1 (2002): 31-40.
Marris, P. "Planning and Civil Society in the Twenty-first Century." In Cities for Citizens: Planning and the Rise of Civil Society in a Global Age. Edited by M. Douglass and J. Friedmann. New York, NY: John Wiley, 1998, pp. 9-18. ISBN: 9780471977094.
Stren, Richard. "Local Governance and Social Diversity in the Developing World: New Challenges for Globalizing City-Regions." In Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy. Edited by Allan Scott. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780199252305.
Recommended readings
Held, David. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. ISBN: 9780804726870.
Pierre, J. "Models of Urban Governance: The Institutional Dimension of Urban Politics." Urban Affairs Review 34, no.3 (1999): 372-396.
Rhodes, R. "Governance in Public Administration." In Debating Governance. Edited by J. Pierre. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN: 9780198297727.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapter 3. ISBN: 9781853838057.
Zanetta, Cecilia. "The Evolution of the World Bank's Urban Lending in Latin America." Habitat International 25 (2001): 513-533.
Stren, Richard, and Judith Kjellberg, eds. Urban Research in Developing Countries: Perspectives on the City. Vol. 4. Toronto, Canada: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, 1995, chapter 5. ISBN: 9780772713711.
Stren, Richard, Marney Cohen, Holle Reed, and Mark R. Montgomery, eds. Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003, chapter 3. ISBN: 9780309088626.
World Bank. World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 1-17.
———. Entering the 21st Century: World Development Report 1999-2000. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapters 1-2. ISBN: 9781853838057.
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4 |
Setting the context (3): Decentralization |
Bardhan, P., and D. Mookerjee, eds. Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006, chapter 1. ISBN: 9780262524544.
Bardhan, P. "Decentralization of Governance and Development." Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 4 (2002): 185-205.
Schonwalder, G. "New Democratic Spaces at the Grassroots? Popular Participation in Latin American Local Governments." Development and Change 28 (1997): 753-770.
Bergh, Silvia. "Democratic Decentralization and Local Participation: A Review of Recent Research." Development in Practice 14 (2004): 780-789.
Crook, R. C. "Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction in Africa: The Politics of Local-Central Relations." Public Administration and Development 23 (2003): 77-88.
Prud'Homme, Remy. "Dangers of Decentralization." World Bank Research Observer 10 (1995): 201-220.
United Nations Development Programme. "Decentralized Governance for Development: A Combined Practice Note on Decentralization, Local Governance and Urban/Rural Development." In UNDP Publications, April 2004. (Skim)
Recommended readings
Mabogunje, Akin L. "Local Institutions and an Urban Agenda for the 1990s." In Urban Research in Developing Countries: Perspectives on the City. Vol. 4. Edited by Richard Stren and Judith Kjellberg. Toronto, Canada: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, 1995, chapter 2. ISBN: 9780772713711.
Tulchin, Joseph S., and Andrew Selee, eds. "Decentralization and Democratic Governance In Latin America." In Woodrow Wilson Center Report on the Americas. Introduction and chapter 1. (PDF - 1.3 MB)#
Stren, Richard. "Local Governance and the Development of Associational Life: An Exploration." In Democratic Governance and Urban Sustainability. Edited by Joseph S. Tulchin, Diana H. Varat, and Blair A. Ruble. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002.
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Part II: Normative visions |
5 |
Normative approaches (1): Civil society |
Chalmers, D. A., S. B. Martin, and K. Piester. "Associative Networks: New Structures of Representation for the Popular Sectors." In The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation. Edited by Chalmers, Vilas, Hite, Martin, Piester, and Segarra. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 543-583. ISBN: 9780198781844.
Hoeber, Rudolph S. "Is Civil Society the Answer?" In Investigating Social Capital: Comparative Perspective on Civil Society, Participation and Governance. Edited by Sanjeev Prakash and Per Selle. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004, pp. 64-87. ISBN: 9780761996903.
Migdal, J. S. "The State in Society: An Approach to Struggles for Domination." In State Power and Social Forces, Domination and Transformation in the Third World. Edited by J. S. Migdal, A. Kohli, and V. Shue. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 293-323. ISBN: 9780521461665.
Migdal, J. S., A. Kohli, and V. Shue, eds. State Power and Social Forces, Domination and Transformation in the Third World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 293-323. ISBN: 9780521461665.
Törnquist, Olle. "The Political Deficit of Substantial Democratisation." In Politicising Democracy: Local Politics and Democratisation in Developing Countries. Edited by John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Tornquist. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, chapter 1. ISBN: 9781403934819.
Ferguson, James. Global Shadows. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006, chapter 9. ISBN: 9780822337171.
Lewis, David. "Civil Society in African Contexts: Reflections on the Usefulness of a Concept?" Development and Change 33 (2002): 569-586.
Recommended readings
Alagappa, Muthiah, ed. Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004, pp. 25-40. ISBN: 9780804750974.
Schalk, David C., and Wayne Hudson, eds. Civil Society in Asia. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2003, chapter 2. ISBN: 9780754622758.
Rosenblum, Nancy, and Robert Post, eds. Civil Society and Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. 1-25, 370-399. ISBN: 9780691088020.
Houtzager, Peter P., Adrián Gurza Lavalle, and Graziela Castello. "States and Citizens in Urban Brazil and Mexico. What Surveys on Political Participation Can Tell Us." Paper, 2005, p. 19.
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6 |
Normative approaches (2): Social capital |
Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. "Social Capital and Institutional Success." In Making Democracy Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. ISBN: 9780691037387.
Fukuyama, Francis. "Social Capital and Civil Society." IMF Working Paper, April 2000.
Evans, Peter. "Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy." World Development 24, no. 6 (1996): 1119-1132.
Fox, Jonathan. "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico." World Development 24, no. 6 (1996): 1089-1103.
Woolcock, Michael. "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework." Theory and Society 27, no. 2 (1998): 151-208.
Harris, J. "Missing Link or Analytically Missing? The Concept of Social Capital." Journal of International Development 9 (1997): 919-937.
Recommended readings
Wellman, Barry. "The Community Question." American Journal of Sociology 84 (1979): 1201- 1231.
Harriss, J. Depoliticizing Development: The World Bank and Social Capital. London, UK: Anthem Press, 2002. ISBN: 9781843310495.
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7 |
Normative approaches (3): Deliberation and the public sphere |
Fraser, Nancy. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy." In Habermas and the Public Sphere. Edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780262531146.
Calhoun, Craig, ed. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993, introduction. ISBN: 9780262531146.
Cohen, J. "Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy." In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Edited by S. Benhabib. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 95-109. ISBN: 9780691044798.
———. "Democracy and Liberty." In Deliberative Democracy. Edited by J. Elster. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 185-232. ISBN: 9780521596961.
Mansbridge, J. "Democracy and Common Interests." Social Alternatives 8 (1990): 20-25.
Elster, J. "Deliberation and Constitution Making." In Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN: 9780521596961.
Mouffe, Chantal. The Democratic Paradox. London, UK: Verso, 2000, chapter 4. ISBN: 9781859842799.
Healey, P. "Planning through Debate: The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory." In Readings in Planning Theory. Edited by S. Campbell and S. Fainstein. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003, pp. 234-264. ISBN: 9780631223474.
Recommended readings
Bohman, J. "Citizenship and Norms of Publicity." Political Theory 27 (1999): 176-203.
Hajer, M. A., and H. Wagenaar, eds. Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780521530705.
Christens, Brian, and Paul W. Speer. "Tyranny/Transformation: Power and Paradox in Participatory Development." Forum: Qualitative Social Research 7, no. 2 (2006).
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Part III: Cases and debates |
8 |
Case studies and debates (1): Empowered participatory governance |
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9 |
Case studies and debates (2): Non-governmental organizations |
Eade, Deborah, ed. Development, NGOs, and Civil Society. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 2000. ISBN: 9780855984427.
Mercer, Claire. "NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature." Progress in Development Studies (2002): 5-22.
Obiyan, A. Sat. "A Critical Examination of the State versus Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Policy Sphere in the Global South: Will the State Die as the NGOs Thrive in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia?" African and Asian Studies 4, no. 3 (2005): 301-326.
Kamat, Sangeeta. "NGOs and the New Democracy: The False Saviors of International Development." Harvard International Review 25, no. 1 (2003): 65-69.
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10 |
Case studies and debates (3): Political concatenates |
Selections from Evans, Livable Cities.
Heller, P. "Moving the State: The Politics of Democratic Decentralization in Kerala, South Africa and Porto Alegre." Politics and Society 29 (2001): 131-163.
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, Patrick Heller, and Marcelo K. Silva. "Making Space for Civil Society."
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11 |
Latin American cases |
Roberts, Brian. The Making of Citizens. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN: 9780340604786.
Avritzer, L. Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002, chapters 3-4. ISBN: 9780691090887.
Carley, et al., eds. Urban Development and Civil Society. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapter 11. ISBN: 9781853837173.
Montgomery, Mark. "The Challenge of Urban Governance." In Cities Transformed. Edited by Richard Stren, et al. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003, chapter 9. ISBN: 9780309088626.
Grindle, M. Audacious Reforms: Institutional Invention and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, introduction and chapter 1. ISBN: 9780801864216.
Re-read Tulchin and Selee from above.
Santín, Leticia. "Decentralization and Civil Society in Mexico." In Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Edited by Philip Oxhorn, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Andrew D. Selee. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, pp. 75-114. ISBN: 9780801879197.
Plus, additional cases, as required:
Avritzer, L. Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780691090887.
Baiocchi, G. P. Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780804751230.
Melo, M., and F. Rezende. "Decentralization and Governance". In Democratization and Democratic Governance in Latin America. Edited by Joseph Tulchin and Andrew Selee. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 2004.
Oxhorn, Philip, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Andrew D. Selee, eds. Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004, Part I. ISBN: 9780801879197.
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12 |
South Asian cases |
Oxhorn, Philip, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Andrew D. Selee, eds. Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004, Part III. ISBN: 9780801879197.
Carley, et al., eds. Urban Development and Civil Society. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapter 6. ISBN: 9781853837173.
Nordholt, H. S. "Decentralisation in Indonesia: Less State, More Democracy?" In Politicising Democracy: The New Local Politics of Democratisation. Edited by John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Tornquist. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN: 9781403934819.
Sidel, J. "Bossism and Democracy in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia: Towards an Alternative Framework for the Study of 'Local Strongmen.'" In Politicising Democracy: The New Local Politics of Democratisation. Edited by John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Tornquist. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ISBN: 9781403934819.
Ahmed, S., et al. Urban Governance in Asia: Sub-Regional and City Perspectives. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Pathak Shamabesh, 2000, chapters 1, 2, and 4. ISBN: 9789848120309.
Harriss, John. "Political Participation, Representation and the Urban Poor: Findings from a Research in Delhi." Economic and Political Weekly, March 12, 2005: 1041-1054.
Recommended readings
Harriss, John. "Politics Is a Dirty River: But Is There a 'New Politics' of Civil Society?" Perspectives from Global Cities of India and Latin America. Paper, 2005, p. 16.
Harriss, John. "The 'New Politics' of the Urban Poor in Contemporary India." Paper, 2005, p. 14.
Case, W. Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2002. ISBN: 9780700716357.
Corbridge, S., and J. Harriss. Reinventing India: Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2000. ISBN: 9780745620770.
Priyono, Subono, Törnquist, et al. Making Democracy Meaningful: Problems and Options in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Demos, 2005.
Robison, Richard, and Vedi Hadiz. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004. ISBN: 9780415332538.
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13 |
African cases |
Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996, chapter 1 and conclusion, pp. 3-34 and 285-301. ISBN: 9789970020904.
Olowu, Dele, and James Wunsch. Local Governance in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003, chapters 2, 3, and 10. ISBN: 9781588261731.
Carley, Michael, et al., eds. Urban Development and Civil Society. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapter 3. ISBN: 9781853837173.
Heinrich, Volkhart Finn. "The Role of NGOs in Strengthening the Foundations of South African Democracy." Voluntas 12 (2001): 1-15.
McCarney, Patricia, and Richard Stren, eds. Governance on the Ground. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003, chapter 8. ISBN: 9780801878503.
Eade, Deborah, ed. Development, NGOs, and Civil Society. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 2000, pp. 109-114 and 175-188. ISBN: 9780855984427.
Friedman, Steven, and Caroline Kihato. "South Africa's Double Reform: Decentralization and the Transition from Apartheid." In Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Edited by Philip Oxhorn, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Andrew D. Selee. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, pp. 75-114. ISBN: 9780801879197.
Recommended readings
Olowu, Dele, and James S. Wunsch. Local Governance in Africa: The Challenges of Democratic Decentralization. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003, chapter 1. ISBN: 9781588261731.
Askvik, Steinar, and Nelleke Bak, eds. Trust in Public Institutions in South Africa. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, chapters 5-6. ISBN: 9780754643531.
Carley, Michael, et al., eds. Urban Development and Civil Society. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 2001, chapter 11. ISBN: 9781853837173.
Jones, P., and K. Stokke. Democratising Development: The Politics of Socio-Economic Rights. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, chapter 1. ASIN: B000NDBF44.
Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Daloz. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999, pp. 1-93 and 139-163. ISBN: 9780253212870.
Braathen, Einar, and Aslak Orre. "Can a Patrimonial Democracy Survive? The Case of Mozambique." Forum for Development Studies, no. 2 (2001).
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